Cubism In Art Essays - Modern Art, Cubism, Art Movements, Cubes

Cubism In Art In the world of art, Cubism is probably the most important art movement in the history of 20th Century Art. Cubism brought in new ways of composing pictures and also showed new ways of representing nature. New movement also brought in new attitudes towards the picture surface and the application of paint. The ideas of colour theory were all changed. This caused a liberation of these elements from a merely descriptive function have all featured in the development of Cubism. At the beginning of the first decade of this ending century two young artists emerged trying to make a name for themselves in the highly competitive Avant-Garde of Paris. One of them, Pablo Picasso (1881-1973), a young Spaniard who had moved to France had been a deliberate act of encouraging the latest developments of French paintings. The other artist was Georges Braque (1881-1963) already a vanguard of modern painting as a practising Fauve. He was experimenting with liberating colour in an attempt to be the forefront of a small Avant-Garde community. Both artists met and they developed a solution between them. Between 1909 and the outbreak of the First World War Cubism was introduced. Cubism evolved from a mixture of influences. However there were two that were of great importance. The first was a major exhibition o Primitive Art mainly displaying sculptures, totems, juju figures and ancestral figures. The work and end in its self however it was a catalyst for ideas in the future. The second influence was the work of Paul Cezanne. Hs significance for cubists was in attempting to re-establish a sense of 3D-Form in painting, which he believed impressionists had lost. In doing this he developed a theory that the entire world and everything in it could be reduced to basic forms such as cones, cylinders, spheres, cubes. The end result was a network of small marks, which broke up the surface of the canvas. This was Cezanne's distinct style, the deconstruction of form, which is the key to the manner in which Cubists were to reshape Western European Art. The "Aficionado" painting by Picasso was an ultimate example of a Cubist picture. The fragments of this picture produce a visual puzzle. The painting is a portrait of a bull fighting fan and in the painting there are suggestions of a mouth, eyes, a wine bottle and a guitar. The Aficionado is an example of what is known as analytic Cubism, which was developed in 1911/12. 1913 was a period that Braque produced a series of paintings. These included "Still life the table" and "Still life with a bottle of Bass". He used Cubist devices known as "Tricks of the Trade" in his work. During this period his work was usually refereed to as Synthetic Cubism.

Free Essays on Computer Graphics

Introduction Hollywood has gone digital, and the old ways of doing things are dying. Animation and Television networks have embraced special effects created with computers. Film editors, who for decades worked by painstakingly, Cutting and gluing film segments together, are now sitting in front of computer screens. There, they edit entire features while adding sound that is not only stored digitally, but also has been created and manipulated with computers. Viewers are witnessing the results of in he forms of stories and experiences that they never dreamed of before. Perhaps the most surprising aspect is that the entire digital effects and Animation. The future looks bright. How It Was in the beginning, computer graphics were as cumbersome and as hard to control as dinosaurs must have been in their own time. Like dinosaurs, the hardware systems, or muscles, of early computer graphics were huge and ungainly. The machines often filled entire buildings. Also like dinosaurs, the software programs or brains of computer graphics were hopelessly underdeveloped. Fortunately for the visual arts, the evolution of both brains and brawn of computer graphics did not take eons to develop. It has, instead, taken only three decades to move from science fiction to current technological trends. With computers out of the Stone Age, we have moved into the leading edge of the silicon era. Imagine sitting at a computer without any visual feedback on a monitor. There would be no spreadsheets, no word processors, not even simple games like solitaire. This is what it was like in the early days of computers. The only way to interact with a computer at that time was throug h toggle switches, flashing lights, punch cards, and Teletype printouts. How It All Began In 1962, all this began to change. In that year, Ivan Sutherland, a Ph.D. student at (MIT), created the science of computer graphics. For his dissertation, he wrote a program called Sket... Free Essays on Computer Graphics Free Essays on Computer Graphics Introduction Hollywood has gone digital, and the old ways of doing things are dying. Animation and Television networks have embraced special effects created with computers. Film editors, who for decades worked by painstakingly, Cutting and gluing film segments together, are now sitting in front of computer screens. There, they edit entire features while adding sound that is not only stored digitally, but also has been created and manipulated with computers. Viewers are witnessing the results of in he forms of stories and experiences that they never dreamed of before. Perhaps the most surprising aspect is that the entire digital effects and Animation. The future looks bright. How It Was in the beginning, computer graphics were as cumbersome and as hard to control as dinosaurs must have been in their own time. Like dinosaurs, the hardware systems, or muscles, of early computer graphics were huge and ungainly. The machines often filled entire buildings. Also like dinosaurs, the software programs or brains of computer graphics were hopelessly underdeveloped. Fortunately for the visual arts, the evolution of both brains and brawn of computer graphics did not take eons to develop. It has, instead, taken only three decades to move from science fiction to current technological trends. With computers out of the Stone Age, we have moved into the leading edge of the silicon era. Imagine sitting at a computer without any visual feedback on a monitor. There would be no spreadsheets, no word processors, not even simple games like solitaire. This is what it was like in the early days of computers. The only way to interact with a computer at that time was throug h toggle switches, flashing lights, punch cards, and Teletype printouts. How It All Began In 1962, all this began to change. In that year, Ivan Sutherland, a Ph.D. student at (MIT), created the science of computer graphics. For his dissertation, he wrote a program called Sket...

Ethical Marketing Reflective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethical Marketing issues by Trump on Aberdeen Wind Farm - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that the Aberdeen Wind farm has resulted in ethical and legal battles between the Scottish government and entrepreneur, Donald Trump who believes the construction of the wind farm will result in an ugly sore adjacent to his greatest golf course. According to Trump, building his $ 1 billion golf course in Aberdeenshire was because he was informed that the wind farm project would not continue. However, â€Å"former and current first ministers, Jack McConnel and Alex Salmond† denied that they agreed to have the project stopped owing to the plans for the building of the golf resort by Trump. The current minister says Trump wanted the current government to be held accountable for the promises of the previous government, which he believes is not possible and resulted in a court battle filed by Trump’s legal team. In a bid to halt  the development of the wind farm, Trump appeared before the Scottish Parliament’s committee on e conomy, energy, and tourism and he said the wind farm was the most serious problem facing Scotland. From the research, the aim of the wind farm includes the creation of 28,000 jobs, generation of 100 MW of electricity that would supply power to half of Aberdeen city, and act as a pilot project for the aims of turning the country into Europe’s green energy. The Scottish government approved the development of the wind farm resulting in Trump taking to the courts to challenge the project to which he subsequently lost despite the use of misleading campaigns and threats about the fall of the Scottish economy. He also made use of his celebrity status through different media channels and campaigns to influence the court decision, but he was not successful.

Criminology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Criminology - Essay Example This is done particularly using the criminological theory. The riots actually started from the night of 9th August 2011 in Wolverhampton, and went through the whole next day i.e. 10th August 20111. After which people started to clean up there city and save the historic elements of Wolverhampton2. Until the riots broke out no one could actually believe that London and its neighboring towns can ever get affected through such criminal activities and the people who were thought to be most civilized can turn into real criminals3. Here I would be discussing the four criminal cases with respect to the culprits. Wulfrun Social Service Department has been involved in all these cases in relation to arrests and punishments. Wulfrun had powerful riots broke out in the city which ended up in great distress, severe destructions and loss of millions of pounds. A significant number of rioters entered the city like a storm and took hold of all the shops and business4. They cracked down the windows and cause great loss to the city dwellers especially coming in their way. The Midland Police reported that youth have attacked the city and that they continued to create distress even in Birmingham and other cities hence covering the whole United Kingdom5. Here the astonishing fact was the age and occupation of the rioters; most of them belonged to good family backgrounds and were students at the major universities. Majority of them were pretty young to commit such criminal activities. The whole city situation left the shopkeepers and businessmen to calculate their losses particularly in the Wulfruna Street, Dudley Street, Princess Street, etc. The real loss was done by the rioters in the Queen Square who were all youngsters prowling the city in congregation. According to the police the number of riots was up to 300 who were there in the Dudley Street at the ending time. These rioters were running in the city, cause

See attachment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

See attachment - Coursework Example The concept of the noble savage was established in the 1830s to explain a person who is not corrupted by civilization. During the 17th century, this term was used to show the deception involved in civilization. It holds a long-term concept of the inherent goodness of uncorrupted man. Bacon’s rebellion was a short lived rebellion headed by Nathaniel Bacon in colonial Virginia because of high taxes, lack of voting rights, and low prices for tobacco. Bacon formed an army on this quest and became a hero after which he was elected. A peace treaty was signed as a result. Frederick Douglass was born a slave but escaped at the age of 20 to become a reformer and a writer. He is known for his efforts against slavery and was influential in the abolition of slavery. He was the first African American to be nominated for American vice presidency. Manifest destiny was a belief, during the 19th century, that Americans had a destiny of expanding worldwide. This began the issue of western settlement, war with the Mexicans and removal of Native Americans. Settlements led to effects felt even today. Cherokee nation is a nation of three federally recognized tribes in the U.S. These tribes blocked Georgia from attempting to increase its territory into theirs. The move was blocked through legislative action during the 1830s. This nation has a government that is elected democratically and headed by Principal Chief. The Nat Turner Rebellion was led by a slave by the name of Nat Turner. Turner led a group of followers into a rebellion in 1831. During the rebellion, at least 60 white men, women, and children were killed. Later on, he was arrested and was executed along with 16 of his followers and the incident remained in the minds of Americans ever since. The U.S Congress passed this law in 1850. It was part of the 1850 compromise. The law required escaped

Concepts of Food and Gender Norms

Concepts of Food and Gender Norms Food and Society in a Global Context How does food play a role in shaping gender norms, gender roles, and a sense of masculinity and femininity? For us to determine the position food plays in shaping gendered norms and roles we must first understand that although food is universal its meaning differs culturally and socially. This essay will aim to explore the role of food in reinforcing gender stereotypes and inequality with a focus on meat. There has been increasing discussion on the negative effects of food on men and women, with an emphasis on how meat became a way of identifying a mans masculinity thereby expectations being held and men encouraged to go along with this constructed image which has led to an increase in body builders. Along with a womans femininity as something which a man shouldnt aspire to. Furthermore, well look at meat in a historical context which has ultimately been socially created through socialization and the media. Finally, well discuss how these inequalities have led to a womans role as the housewife who cooks and the man who goes to hunt and gather the food, which isnt always the case. The stone age man image that is associated with a manly man suggests men have always taken pleasure in eating meat and by taking away the meat a mans masculinity can be questioned (Walansky 2016). This suggests that the association of men and meat is a belief that has always had an accurate correlation, using the example of chimpanzees, the males hunt for the family because it is a dangerous activity (Walansky 2016). If the male dies, another provider can be found, if the woman dies hunting, the future of the family is in jeopardy (Walansky 2016). This is a prime example of the gender role assumption that women belong at home with the family. This idea is reinforced by Rothgerber (2013) who goes to assert that meat consumption by males is a mark of patriarchy due to the association of meat eating with manhood. We are beginning to see the historical mark meat has left when discussing males as powerful and strong. In the time of war, British soldiers were encouraged to eat meat and the military advertised that it gave them enough strength to defeat their opponents who opted for vegetable based diets (Rothgerber 2013). This shows how the meat versus vegetable diet debate formed early on and that the link with meat and masculinity is formed because its a reinforcement of male power and yields the regulation of female submission which is a reoccurring objective (Rothgerber 2013). Having discussed the historical ideals formed we also need to take into consideration how socialisation plays a part in reinforcing gender norms. Rothgerber (2013) upholds the idea that males are unware of the power meat has in influencing their ideas of masculinity and that through meat eating they imitate the gender ideologies they have grown up seeing which is meat eating as an essential part of being a manly man. Nash and Phillipov (2014) support this by strengthening the notion that food is a means of constructing individual identities which helps men consider what it means to be or act like a man. This is reinforced by men and women in the house hold along with meat eating fathers who provide the food and mothers who play their gendered assigned role which requires them to do the cooking thereby strengthening the gender division of labour (Sobal 2005). Shah (2010) questions whether gender socialisation alone has provoked the food we eat or if other factors play a part. For instance, evolution as an explanation for food patterns proposes that due to the link with men as hunters and needing meat to build muscle this rationalises gender driven eating (Shah 2010). This view is criticised with that of Wiseman (2010) who explains that although men pull towards protein based food for example meat this is not down to evolution, rather socialisation at a young age. Suggesting that little boys when growing up are urged to have a big desire for food (Wiseman 2010). We cant simply maintain that women purposely choose salads and chocolate whereas men pick meat and savoury food (Kumar 2015). We need to look past the original gender ideals and focus on how these gendered expectations have influenced class status and gender dynamics. If we discuss class in relation to meat and masculinity, we begin to understand that for some men meat is a symbol of wealth and economic superiority (Walansky 2016). Adams (2010) supports that those with affluent wealth have always eaten meat, particularly in Europe when having large meals with various meats whereas those less fortunate had a diet of carbohydrates. When discussing class in relation to food we can also incorporate gender (Adams 2010). For instance, second class women ate second class food such as vegetables and fruits rather than meat, suggesting dietary habits apply not only to class power but also gender dynamics when combined (Adams 2010). This can also be seen with those in poverty, when meat is limited the wives go without and save it for their husbands whereas Upper class males and females have diets with the same food (Adams 2010). Using a quote from Bourdieu (1979:79) The style of meal that people like to offer is no doubt a very good indicator of the image t hey wish to give or avoid giving to others. This suggests that a mans meal portion is used as an indicator of wealth which implies power and therefore a reinforcement of masculinity (Calvert 2014). This reinforcement of masculinity through toughness and aggression is seen through this idea that because of male entitlement women are expected to make men the centre point when playing the doting housewife. This links in with food because women are expected to fulfil the dietary expectations of men and if they fail it could lead to the male being angry and acting out violently (Parkin 2006).ÂÂ   This implies that a mans aggression and domestic abuse should be linked to the lack of fulfilment in the food they eat which results in the oppression of women. Adams (2010) explores men who assault women and defend themselves by implying that the lack of meat in their diet reflects their behaviour and that only real men eat meat, ultimately another excuse for their controlling behaviour. Additionally, women are presented like a piece of meat in ads and consistently sexualised thereby steering women into their gender roles resulting in unfair treatment and sustaining the idea of patria rchy and how a male is expected to behave towards them (Johnson 2013). Another way in which food recreates masculinity and femininity is through expectations. Men who dont eat meat are identified as being less masculine compared to those who do (Redhead 2015).ÂÂ   In addition, men who dont eat meat due to physical complications will still be deemed less masculine unless he is doing it because of his love for animals (Redhead 2015). This leads us to consider independence as a factor of mens decision making, the choice a man makes to not adhere to western societies dictations about what food he should or shouldnt eat is a way for him to assert his independent to authorities (Sobal 2005). Moreover, this is done by choosing certain foods to eat that confirms their gender for example, meat as a way of maintaining authority through being rebellious and showcasing meat eating as masculine (Sobal 2005). This situation is then presented to women as the fixers who should control the characteristics of the males in the household by changing their masculine be haviour when ultimately the problem isnt for the woman to fix but is used as another method of enforcing the gender roles (Sobal 2005). Calvert (2014) holds that meat is used as a way for males to authenticate their hegemonic masculinity. Hegemonic masculinity has been defined It embodied the currently most honoured way of being a man, it required all other men to position themselves in relation to it, and it ideologically legitimated the global subordination of women to men (Connell and Messerschmidt 2005:832). In regards to meat eating being practiced, it has allowed men to continue their oppressive and gendered behaviour and presents meat eating as a privilege which is internalized by men who see it as a way of asserting their supremacy especially when any other diet a man maintains is mocked (Calvert 2014). This leads us to discuss how men and women do gender and to identify where the association of with males and high fat diets and women with low fat food originated (Ruby and Heine 2011). Women are associated with light food such as salads in the hope for them to maintain a low weight yet men are associated with fried food such as burgers (Epstein 2014). Can these assumptions be blamed on cultural standards whereby the belief is because men are imagined to be these big and strong characters they need to eat more food to gain energy? (Epstein 2014). Thus, we witness an unequal and patriarchal society where a man who eats as much as he wants even in competition is praised and seen as a champion whereas a woman performs the same behaviour and is considered unfeminine and unpleasant which is where the double standard lies (Epstein 2014). The truth is as individuals we all have a different relationship with food and it is not solely based on gender (Epstein 2014). When discussing a mans masculinity in regards to food there is a focus on the unmanly man who is either a vegetarian or vegan. A vegetarian man is referred to as a wimp and not macho compared to meat eaters and this view is not only held by women but non-meat eaters (Maier 2013). Men who refrain from eating meat is them announcing they are not masculine whilst the men who sit at their desks and wait for the chance to demonstrate their masculinity by eating big portions of meat are praised for reflecting their masculine identity (Adams 2010). The term vegetable recreates the gender norms in society, it is deemed passive which is a term associated with women particularly housewives who are submissive (Adams 2010). Rothgerber (2013) claims gender is a great influence on how others view vegetarianism, in northern America for example men believe a proper meal always includes meat. This is affirmed in the media for example mens health magazine which said Vegetables are for girls. If your i nstincts tell you following a vegetarian diet isnt manly, youre right (Rothgerber 2013:363). Finally, we look at how socially constructed gender stereotypes are reflected in the media and its implications. Adverts and magazines associate gender with dietary choices, when searching men eating and women eating separately on the internet the images which surface are of men eating meat and women salads (Elsenberg 2016). This can also be seen in adverts where women are presented as happily choosing to have healthy food which is a cultural stereotype society has created of what men and women should enjoy eating as a way of defining their masculinity and femininity (Castillo 2013). While women are presented enjoying their salads, men are shown to be faced with burgers and fried food (Bendix 2015). Societies gender norms which are played in ads aid the association of women only enjoying meals with fewer calories rather than a focus on taste as they do for men (Rickett 2014). Rothgerber (2013) suggests that men magazines for example Mens Health focus on the enforcement of meat eating to maintain masculinity and being a meat eater as a characteristic of being a strong man. This combined with the idea of you are what you eat creates a fear for men that eating vegetables makes you more like a woman and not masculine (Adams 2010). This leads to them being preoccupied with their body image, that their focus shifts to dieting as the solution to better understanding their body image and its difficult to steer away from this idea when the magazines are filled with muscly men (Parasecoli ‎2005). This leads to negative health outcomes such as heart disease which is common with men who overeat meat suggesting that although mens gender role expect them to consume meat to portray this manly and patriarchal image it can be a cause of their demise (Maier 2013). In conclusion, we can affirm that Food is a big contributor to the creation of gender meanings and stereotypes. Although there are historical elements connected to men and meat consumption, it is reinforced in the household by housewives encouraging the idea that meat should be in every mans meal. This is also encouraged through socialisation and affirmed through society in the media. We can also understand that meat is not the only food with a gendered meaning. In addition, we establish where the association with women and healthy food originated from, mainly from a womans lack of economic prestige and within the gendered tradition in the house. Ultimately, we need to be more aware of the long-term consequences associated with gender stereotyping and doing gender, it will begin to have long term effects on the type of food men start to supplement for natural protein to achieve the most desirable body which has been culturally constructed. Bibliography Adams, C. (2010). The Sexual Politics of Meat (20th Anniversary Edition). 1st ed. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, pp.47-64. Bourdieu, P. (1979) Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste, Translated from French by Richard Nice, London: Routledge Bendix, A. (2015). Were Making Our Food Choices Based on Gender Stereotypes. [online] CityLab. Available at: http://www.citylab.com/navigator/2015/09/were-making-our-food-choices-based-on-gender-stereotypes/405781/ [Accessed 9 Jan. 2017]. Calvert, A (2014). You Are What You (M)eat: Explorations of Meat-eating, Masculinity and Masquerade. Journal of International Womens Studies, 16,1, pp.18-33. Connell, RW. and Messerschmidt, JW (2005) HEGEMONIC MASCULINITY Rethinking the Concept Gender Society,19, 6, pp. 829-859 Castillo, S. (2015). Women Tend To Eat More Salad Because Stereotypes: Study. [online] Medical Daily. Available at: http://www.medicaldaily.com/healthy-food-more-likely-be-perceived-feminine-how-gender-stereotypes-factor-food-352372 [Accessed 9 Jan. 2017]. Eisenberg, Z. (2016). Meat Heads: New Study Focuses on How Meat Consumption Alters Mens Self-Perceived Levels of Masculinity. [online] The Huffington Post. Available at: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/zoe-eisenberg/meat-heads-new-study-focuses_b_8964048.html [Accessed 9 Jan. 2017]. Epstein, A. (2014). Eat Like a Human: How Gender Stereotypes Affect Our Relationships With Food Adios Barbie. [online] Adios Barbie. Available at: http://www.adiosbarbie.com/2014/07/eat-like-a-human-how-gender-stereotypes-affect-our-relationships-with-food/ [Accessed 9 Jan. 2017]. Johnson, A. (2013). Women and meat linked in advertising | The Clayman Institute for Gender Research. [online] Gender.stanford.edu. Available at: http://gender.stanford.edu/news/2013/women-and-meat-linked-advertising [Accessed 9 Jan. 2017]. Kumar, R. (2015). Sex Study Reveals Why Women Love Chocolates and Men Love Meat. [online] News Every Day. Available at: http://www.newseveryday.com/articles/14064/20150419/why-women-love-chocs-men-meat.htm [Accessed 9 Jan. 2017]. Maier, A. (2013). Meat and Masculinity. [online] Masculinities 101. Available at: https://masculinities101.com/2013/12/20/meat-and-masculinity/ [Accessed 9 Jan. 2017]. Nash, M. and Phillipov, M. (2014). Introduction to the special issue: Eating like a man: Food and the performance and regulation of masculinities. Womens Studies International Forum, 44, pp.205-208. Readhead, H. (2015). Men who dont eat meat are seen as less masculine. [online] Metro. Available at: http://metro.co.uk/2015/12/03/men-who-dont-eat-meat-are-seen-as-less-masculine-5542997/ [Accessed 9 Jan. 2017]. Rickett, O. (2014). Food Advertising Wants Men To Be Men And Women To Be Women. [online] MUNCHIES: Food by VICE. Available at: https://munchies.vice.com/en/articles/food-advertising-is-still-feeding-gender-stereotypes [Accessed 9 Jan. 2017]. Rothgerber, H 2013, Real Men Dont Eat (Vegetable) Quiche: Masculinity and the Justification of Meat Consumption, Psychology Of Men Masculinity, 14, 4, pp. 363-375 Ruby, M, Heine, S 2011, Meat, morals, and masculinity, Appetite, 56, 2, pp. 447-450 Shah, R. (2010). Men eat meat, women eat chocolate: How food gets gendered. [online] Salon. Available at: http://www.salon.com/2010/07/02/food_gendering/ [Accessed 9 Jan. 2017]. Sobal, J (2005), MEN, MEAT, AND MARRIAGE: MODELS OF MASCULINITY, Food Foodways: History Culture Of Human Nourishment, 13, 1/2, pp. 135-158 Parasecoli, F 2005, FEEDING HARD BODIES: FOOD AND MASCULINITIES IN MENS FITNESS MAGAZINES, Food Foodways: History Culture Of Human Nourishment, 13, 1/2, pp. 17-37 Parkin, KJ 2006, Food Is Love. [Electronic Resource] : Food Advertising And Gender Roles In Modern America, n.p.: Philadelphia [Pa.] : University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006., Aston University Library Catalogue Walansky, A. (2016). Study to Prove that Men Find Masculinity in Eating Meat. [online] FWx. Available at:http://www.foodandwine.com/fwx/food/study-prove-men-find-masculinity-eating-meat [Accessed 9 Jan. 2017]. Wiseman, E. (2010). The truth about men, women and food. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/oct/17/gender-eating-men-women [Accessed 9 Jan. 2017].

Legal Police Searches Essay -- essays research papers

The laws of the United States can be hard to understand sometimes. The Fourth Amendment states that people have a right not to be searched without a reasonable warrant and that people have a right to feel secure in their homes. There are acts giving police permission to do what ever they need to to keep drunks off the streets. There are also rules and regulations, kind of like a sports game, and, just like games, there are always ways to get around these rules. Like finding it legal to randomly stop cars to give people breathalyzer tests, or entering people's homes and searching for things without a warrant. Unlike a game however, the results of going around these rules can sometimes be devastating. Police may ruin a home trying to find drugs or some other illegal thing. Where do we draw the line? What does the Constitution allow us to do? In today's world, 25,000 people per year die because of alcohol. One of those people happened to be a son of Marion Stokes. After that incident, M arion Stokes created MADD, or Mothers Against Drunk Driving. She is strongly against driving under the influence and believes it is an excellent idea to randomly stop cars to administer breathalyzer tests. The question still remains, does randomly stopping cars brake the laws of the Constitution? Should we let this happen? The Fourth Amendment does protect people from being violated without a warrant. However, the Primary Act gives permission to the police to do what they need to get more drunk ...